Macrophage influenza infection

Series:	IN_VITRO DIFFERENTIATION SERIES
Species:	Human (Homo sapiens)
Genomic View:	Zenbu
Expression table:	FILE
Link to TET:	TET
Sample providers :	David Hume, Kenneth Baillie
Germ layer:	mesoderm
Primary cells or cell line:	primary cells
Time span:	24 hours
Number of time points:	4

Overview

The pathology of severe influenza virus infection involves a “cytokine storm”, not dissimilar to toxic shock initiated by severe bacterial infections. Although they are likely to be a major source of the cytokines in influenza virus pathology, macrophages are not generally regarded as permissive for infection by influenza virus infection. However, we and others [1] have noted that human macrophages grown in CSF1 become permissive for the virus. Like most viruses, influenza produces gene products, notably the NS1 protein, that interfere with the production of host defense proteins, notably interferon. This study aimed to compare the response of the human monocyte-derived macrophages to the response to bacterial endotoxin, assessed in parallel in this series. References: [1] PMID: 22238612

Sample description

Human monocytes were obtained from anonymised donors with approval of the Human Ethics Committee of the University of Edinburgh (8/9/09). 320mls of blood was extracted from healthy human volunteers and the mononuclear cell fraction was purified using Ficoll gradient centrifugation. The CD14-positive monocytes were purified from the mononuclear cell fraction using magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotech), and cultured on bacteriological plastic plates in medium (RPMI-1640 plus 10% foetal calf serum) in recombinant human CSF1 (a gift from Chiron) at 100ng/ml. After 7 days the monocyte-derived macrophages were exposed to influenza. The influenza A (A/Udorn/72 (H3N2)) was propagated in MDCK cells as described [1]. Monocyte-derived macrophages were infected at a multiplicity of 5 PFU/cell for one hour in serum-free medium supplemented with TPCK-treated trypsin. The cells were then washed two times, and incubated for 0, 2 hrs, 7 hrs or 24 hrs. In this timecourse, the 0h timepoint is taken at the end of the incubation period. Mock-infected cells were also harvested at 0 time and 24 hours to control for the effect of protease and serum-free medium. References: [1] PMID: 22238612

Quality control

In each case, the cells respond morphologically to influenza with increased spreading and vacuolation and at the later time point there was visual evidence of cell death. The infected cells produced active virus, which was quantified by plaque assay. They were also stained for viral NP protein using a fluorochrome-coupled antibody. The infected macrophages induce many proinflammatory cytokines in common with LPS. By contrast to macrophages responding to LPS, the influenza-infected cells displayed induction of multiple members of the interferon A family with substantial differences between the four replicates. Figure 2: CAGE expression of marker genes in TPM.

Profiled time course samples

Only samples that passed quality controls (Arner et al. 2015) are shown here. The entire set of samples are downloadable from FANTOM5 human / mouse samples

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13305-142I2	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	00hr00min	donor1 (868_121:Ud_0h)
13306-142I3	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	02hr00min	donor1 (868_121:Ud_2h)
13307-142I4	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	07hr00min	donor1 (868_121:Ud_7h)
13308-142I5	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	24hr00min	donor1 (868_121:Ud_24h)
13309-142I6	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to mock influenza infection	24hr00min	donor1 (868_121:MI_24h)
13310-142I7	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to mock influenza infection	00hr00min	donor4 (227_121:MI_0h)
13311-142I8	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	00hr00min	donor4 (227_121:Ud_0h)
13312-142I9	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	02hr00min	donor4 (227_121:Ud_2h)
13313-143A1	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	07hr00min	donor4 (227_121:Ud_7h)
13315-143A3	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to mock influenza infection	24hr00min	donor4 (227_121:MI_24h)
13316-143A4	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to mock influenza infection	00hr00min	donor2 (150_120:MI_0h)
13317-143A5	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	00hr00min	donor2 (150_120:Ud_0h)
13319-143A7	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	07hr00min	donor2 (150_120:Ud_7h)
13320-143A8	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	24hr00min	donor2 (150_120:Ud_24h)
13321-143A9	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to mock influenza infection	24hr00min	donor2 (150_120:MI_24h)
13322-143B1	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to mock influenza infection	00hr00min	donor3 (536_119:MI_0h)
13323-143B2	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	00hr00min	donor3 (536_119:Ud_0h)
13324-143B3	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	02hr00min	donor3 (536_119:Ud_2h)
13325-143B4	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	07hr00min	donor3 (536_119:Ud_7h)
13326-143B5	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to udorn influenza infection	24hr00min	donor3 (536_119:Ud_24h)
13327-143B6	Monocyte-derived macrophages response to mock influenza infection	24hr00min	donor3 (536_119:MI_24h)